(Neukirchener Verlag) BP W.F. For other confluences and polemics between them, see David Ben-Gad HaCohen, “War at Yahatz: The Torah Versus the Mesha Stele,” TheTorah (2015); Israel Finkelstein and Thomas Römer, “North Israelite Memories of the Transjordan and the Mesha Inscription,” TheTorah (2018). and confirms its association with a people group named Gad and the Northern Kingdom of Israel. Traditions do come to be associated with various figures (Neh 8:1; Mark 12:26), but biblical books do not include title pages that identify an author(s) or date of publication. He is co-author with Christopher A. Rollston, P. Kyle McCarter, and Stefan J. Wimmer of “An Inscribed Altar from the Khirbat Ataruz Moabite Sanctuary” (the editio princeps of the new Moabite inscriptions from Khirbat Ataruz, Jordan) published in the journal Levant, and author of “A Curse of the Division of Land: A New Reading of the Bukān Aramaic Inscription Lines 9–10,” forthcoming in a peer-reviewed volume with SBL Press, along with several reference articles in the Dictionary of Daily Life in Biblical and Post-biblical Antiquity. Ataroth and the Inscribed Altar: Who Won the War Between Moab and Israel? und Altes Testament: Festschrift fü r Kurt Galling zum 8. Rollston is the editor of Enemies and Friends of the State: Ancient Prophecy in Context and the author of Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age as well as many academic articles such as “Scribal Curriculum during the First Temple Period: Epigraphic Hebrew and Biblical Evidence.” He is an expert in ancient epigraphy and blogs about new finds and current debates on www.rollstonepigraphy.com. A Harmony of the Life of Jesus - Four gospel accounts in harmony. 27; 1 Chr. Notably, this conquest of Israelite territory by the Moabites is something the biblical picture of Mesha’s rebellion conceals in its version of the story. // Javascript URL redirection [15] Questions remain about each of these readings, as detailed in the editio princeps of the Ataruz Inscribed Altar. Or does it have some other meaning? In der Prophezeiung von Jesaja 16 kennzeichnet Moab die Welt, in der die Ausgestoßenen Israels Zuflucht finden. Mo 34,6). While there Elimelech dies, as well as his sons who had gotten married in the meantime. Inscription B consists of four difficult lines of text which appear to refer to: The cluster of these possible readings suggests that the inscription may be commemorative/dedicatory in nature and might actually evoke events related to the Moabite conquest of the city. Chr 20,1-23). Primary Entity\/h3> [8] Chang-Ho Ji and Robert D. Bates, “Khirbat Ê¿Ataruz 2011-2012: A Preliminary Report,” Andrews University Seminary Studies 52.1 (2014): 47–91; Chang-Ho Ji, “The Early Iron Age II Temple at HÌ®irbet Ê¿Atārūs and Its Architecture and Selected Cultic Objects,” in Temple Building and Temple Cult: Architecture and Cultic Paraphernalia of Temples in the Levant (2.-1. [9] The language of this inscription is Moabite, and its script can be dated paleographically to the late 9th or early 8th centuries B.C.E. Photo Courtesy of C. Rollston, The Transjordanian city of Ataroth (עֲטָרוֹת, Ê¿ătÌ£ārôt) appears only twice in the Torah and nowhere else in the Bible. Did not include civil war stuff—David and Saul . The site has long been identified as the location of ancient Ataroth, based on both its geographical location and the approximate preservation of its ancient name in the modern Arabic place name. Als die Israeliten in das verheißene Land einzogen, wurden sie angewiesen, sich nicht mit Moab auf einen Kampf einzulassen, noch es zu befeinden (5. The biblical texts, at least those found in the Hebrew Bible (HB)/Old Testament (OT), are technically anonymous. Über Moab selbst wird nichts Näheres berichtet. Kön 3,4-27). Hierbei handelt es sich um ein interessantes Denkmal, welches 1868 in Dibon (Dhiban) im Land Moab gefunden wurde. Die Beziehungen Israels zu den Moabitern waren unterschiedlich. TheTorah.com is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.We rely on the support of readers like you. First, the very existence of a Moabite Temple with an inscription on an altar in the Moabite language and in the Moabite script, the Ataruz Inscribed Altar, corroborates Mesha’s statement that he conquered the city of Ataroth and resettled it. Er gesteht ein, dass Kamos ärgerlich über sein Land war, und dass Omri, der König von Israel, es einnahm, was eine Zeit der Unterdrückung von 40 Jahren durch Omri und seinen Sohn zur Folge hatte. at Dhiban, Jordan.[3]. The research in this article has been generously supported by Johns Hopkins University, George Washington University, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Both references to the city in the Torah appear in Numbers 32, as part of the territory that the tribes of Gad and Reuben settle. 010060 VO+UE Biblical Hebrew 2 - Practice and Perfection. Mesha also boasts of his public works, including building activities at many locations within Moab that he acknowledges were previously built up by the Israelite King Omri. מאב, “I, Mesha…, king of Moab.” In the Mesha Inscription, Mesha declares how the Moabite god Kemosh had punitively allowed Moab to be subjected to the hegemony of King Omri of Israel, but that in the reign of Omri’s “son,”[4] Mesha rebelled and reconquered much of the historic Moabite territory. In Verbindung mit Moab sei noch auf den moabitischen Stein hingewiesen. Jes 11,14). Seine Nachkommen lebten östlich des Toten Meeres. script type="text/javascript"> 010048 EX Archaeology in the Land of Moab - Excavation and Survey in the Wadi ath -Thamad Project. 8 And Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, Go, return each to … [1] A city (or cities) named Ataroth appears in the description of the borders of the territory of Ephraim (Josh 16:2, 7). Als der Stamm Ruben sein Erbteil erhielt, bildete der Fluß Arnon die südliche Grenze seines Landes und gleichzeitig die nördliche Grenze Moabs. 71. Please support us. Januar 1970 , ed. As such, this finding contributes to an issue scholars have discussed ever since the Mesha Inscription was found, namely the tension between Mesha’s story and the biblical account of this war in 2 Kings 3. 20. Studien his- torischen Denkmiilern und Texten (Ägypten und Altes Testament, Bd. 800 BCE. It further describes how he resettled those areas and commenced various royal building projects, implying that Israel was no longer a factor at all, and that Mesha’s victory was decisive and long-lasting. Arnulf Kuschke and Ernst Kutsch (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1970): 101-16; [6] The meaning of this compound term, likely referring to a cultic object, has been much debated and remains uncertain. [13] The authors of this article are especially indebted to Stefan Wimmer for his work on the hieratic numerals of the Ataruz Altar Inscription. Moab – Bibel-Lexikon. [16] The verse is unclear about this. Zeret-Shahar on the Hill in the Valley—The Discovery of a New Moabite Site in Jordan,” Proceedings of the First International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 1998 Rome: 1777–1884. Additionally, in contrast to the earlier script of the Mesha Inscription, which is identical to contemporary Hebrew script, the Ataruz Inscribed altar shows an “Early Moabite Script” diverging from the Hebrew script, and is now possibly the earliest extant inscription employing this script. Bible Maps. Das Alte Testament vermittelt von Moab meist ein negatives, zuweilen aber auch ein positives Bild, was wohl von einer entsprechenden Kontroverse in Israel zeugt. (5) The Author's Evident Attempt to Identify the New Generation in Moab with the Patriarchs. [7] Editor’s note: For more discussions of the confluence and polemics between the Mesha inscription and the Bible regarding the tribe of Gad, see Aaron Koller, “The Tribe of Gad and the Mesha Stele,” TheTorah (2013); Yigal Levin, “Dibon-Gad: Between the Torah and the Mesha Stele,” TheTorah (2019). Worschech, U.F. The research findings are published in the newly founded archaeological magazine „Beiträge zur Erforschung der antiken Ard el-Kerak (Moab)“. Aber sie wurden von Israel, Juda und Edom mit vereinten Kräften vollständig unterworfen. Successive World Kingdoms: Persia, Babylon, Assyria 640-500 BC. In 2 Kings 3:24–25, that conflict is presented as an initial rout of Moab. Innerhalb ähnlicher Grenzen liegt heute das jordanische Gouvernement Kerak. Mẹsa, -- Moab, König, -- ca. [5] Both the reading and meaning of this term have been heavily debated, but a majority view reads the word as ryt, indicating some kind of satiating offering to the deity based on possible cognates. Die Moabiter aber wurden mit Schrecken erfüllt, als sie hörten, dass die Amoriter geschlagen worden waren, und Balak, ihr König, gewann Bileam dafür, Israel zu verfluchen. Die Beziehungen Moabs Zu Israel und Agypten in der Eisenzeit, Agypten und Altes Testament 18. Linked Data. The Bible describes how the coalition of Israelite, Judahite, and Edomite armies destroyed all other cities except the Moabite capital, implying that Moab was greatly weakened though not destroyed. Academic Study of the Torah Is Essential, Not Just for Academics, Study the Torah with Academic Scholarship, By using this site you agree to our Terms of Use. Mesa-Inschrift. Is it a divine wrath from the Israelite god YHWH, or the Moabite god, Kemosh? Oops! 5.4% ~~ 04:021:001 And when king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south, heard tell that Israel Nevertheless, due to modern archaeological discoveries, it has become a central piece of evidence for reconstructing the history of the Moabite rebellion against Israel and King Mesha’s expansion of the Moabite kingdom described in both 2 Kings and the Mesha Stele. He holds an M.A. This distinctive Moabite script and language are also attested in later inscriptions such as the Mudeyineh Incense Altar Inscription. Moab — ist eine Landschaft in Palästina östlich des Jordans und ein antiker Kleinstaat in dieser Region, siehe Moab (Staat) die Abkürzung für eine amerikanische Bombe, siehe GBU 43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast Moab (Altes Testament), Person im Alten… … Deutsch Wikipedia Ortsname. 2003, Die eisen-II-zeitlichen Siegel und -abdrücke aus Grabungen in Moab, in: F. Ninow, Hrsg., Wort und Stein, Festschrift für Udo Worschech (Beiträge zur Erforschung der antiken Moabitis 4), Peter Lang, Frankfurt, 33-87. Bileam wurde von Gott gezwungen, sie zu segnen statt zu verfluchen, aber er gab Balak den verhängnisvollen Rat, das Volk durch verführerische Verbindungen zu schwächen zu versuchen (was zur Folge hätte, das sie unter die Zucht des Herrn fallen würden). Moab. [4] “Son” here could be referring either to Omri’s literal son Ahab, or perhaps to Omri’s grandson Jehoram, who came to the throne after the very brief reign of his brother Ahaziah. To explain, while the Mesha Stele (hailing from, as noted above, a generation or two earlier than the Ataruz inscriptions) is written in the Moabite language, it uses the Old Hebrew script, not a distinctive Moabite national script. Die nördliche Grenze am Wadi Mudschib wurde mehrmals durch Eroberungen überschritten und umfasste dann u. Mill. Off 2,14). Mesha’s account, however, makes no mention of an Israelite incursion and, more importantly, presents this rebellion as a decisive and enduring victory in which Mesha retakes the area north of the Arnon River all the way to Nebo from Israel. Aus Verzweiflung opferte der König von Moab seinen ältesten Sohn (2. While it is likely that the narrative has been given some “spin” on both sides, the evidence from Khirbat Ataruz lends further support to the validity of Mesha’s claim to have conquered, held, and resettled the city of Ataroth. For a broader discussion, see also Israel Finkelstein and Oded Lipschits, “The Genesis of Moab: A Proposal,” Levant 43 (2011): 139-152 [148–150]. Der Papierabdruck wurde von dem Stein gemacht, bevor er zerbrach, welcher zusammen mit den wiedergefundenen Einzelstücken eine nahezu vollständige Übersetzung der Inschrift ermöglicht. See most recently: Aaron Schade, “RYT or HYT in Line 12 of the Mesha Inscription: A New Examination of the Stele and the Squeeze, and the Syntactic, Literary, and Cultic Implications of the Reading,” BASOR 378 (2017): 145–162. Funde. Über Moab selbst wird nichts Näheres berichtet. Map of Old Testament Israel - Golan. and Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University's Department of Near Eastern Studies and is the editor of Maarav and co-editor of BASOR (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research). Old T count: 632,633 . Don’t miss the latest essays from TheTorah.com. 98,00 € [7], Further light on this city has been shed by studying the ruin of Khirbat Ataruz, located 24 km southwest of Madaba in Jordan. Sohn von Lot und seiner ältesten Tochter; die Bezeichnung seiner Nachkommen und des Landes, welches sie bewohnten ( 1. Ugarit (/ ˌ uː É¡ ə ˈ r iː t, ˌ j uː-/; Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚, ʼUgart; Arabic: أُوغَارِيت ‎ ŪġārÄ«t or أُوجَارِيت ŪǧārÄ«t) was an ancient port city in northern Syria, in the outskirts of modern Latakia, discovered by accident in 1928 together with the Ugaritic texts.Its ruins are often called Ras Shamra after the headland where they lie. Grayson's edition of the Sargon Geography in The This covenant was renewed on the plains of Moab (Deuteronomy 29:1). 7; quoted by S. Timm, Moab zwischen den Mächten. 17), Wiesbaden 1989, l. -353- Attitudes in the Old Testament towards Moab and Moa- bites range from the assertion of the Moabite ancestry of the Davidic royal line, found in the Book of Ruth, to the However, with the modern disciplines of archaeology and epigraphy, evidence of the scope of this Moabite conquest is slowly coming to light. Moab and Edom in the S argon Geography* Wayne Horowitz The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The names of Moab and Edom, Israel's eastern neighbours, occur a number of times in cuneiform documents from the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods.1 * The reader is directed to A.K. Das Reich lag östlich des Toten Meeres südlich von Ammon (Grenze Wadi el-Mudschib = Tal des Arnon) und nördlich von Edom (Grenze Wadi el-Hesa) im heutigen Jordanien. Die Heilige Schrift wird also durch das interessante Monument bestätigt. Mo 19,37). Nothing about this city stands out in these verses in comparison to the other cities. Population (2000): 4779. dubsar 9 . Transmission, Reception and Text Production. v850. 4; Levitical city, Josh. We rely on the support of readers like you. Confirm this request. The inscribed altar bears seven lines of text, representing two separate inscriptions: one (A) of three lines, and a second (B) of four lines, at perpendicular orientation to the other. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Ein Feuer wurde unter ihm angezündet, und als er heiß war, wurde kaltes Wasser über ihn gegossen, sodass er zerbrach. The divisions of the tribes of Israel. The term may mean “cattle pens” (see HALOT), and thus such toponyms would mean, “the cattle pens of X.”. 6. Ruth war eine Moabitin, und ebenso einige von den Frauen Salomos, für die er in Jerusalem die Verehrung des Kamos, des Götzen Moabs, einführte (2. When the Mesha Inscription was first discovered, scholars immediately noted how it provides a remarkable contemporary witness to the conflict between Moab and the Northern Kingdom of Israel under the Omride Dynasty as described in Kings. Sam 8,2; 1. The Hebrew word translated "to declare" is found elsewhere in the Old Testament only in Dt 27:8 and in Hab 2:2, and signifies "to make plain." The inscription provides important new details about the Moabite language, supplying a number of words and grammatical features attested in Moabite for the first time. The authors are very grateful to Chang-Ho Ji for his gracious invitation to publish these inscriptions. [3] Of enduring usefulness with regard to the Mesha Stele is: Andrew Dearman (ed), Studies in the Mesha Inscription and Moab (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989). [17] Editor’s note: For a discussion of this act in the context of other biblical passages about child sacrifice, see Samuel Z. Glaser, “Biblical and Greek Ambivalence Towards Child Sacrifice,” TheTorah (2016). Inscription A records a sum of 10 shekels of bronze, using hieratic numerals for the quantities, the abbreviation שׁל (šl) for shekels, and the abbreviation ×  (n) for נחשׁת (nhÌ£št), “bronze.” The word בז (bz), “plunder,” may occur, possibly indicating that the recorded bronze was plundered at the conquered site and, based on the context of the inscription, dedicated in the shrine where the altar was found. For further discussion on the use of Hieratic (especially the numerals) in the southern Levant, see in particularly Stefan Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der althebräischen Schrift, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008). In addition, the authors are particularly grateful to the American Center of Oriental Research and the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research for facilitating the use of their libraries and residential facilities for the early portions of our research, collation, and photography of these inscriptions. Adam L. Bean is currently Visiting Assistant Professor of Biblical Studies at Milligan University and will complete the Ph.D. in Near Eastern Studies from Johns Hopkins University in Fall 2020. The Bible admits that the attempt to take Moab’s capital fails, and says nothing about whether Israel maintains control over the rest of Moab or not. Chris Rollston examining the Khirbat Ataruz altar inscription. ּמִּדְבָּר, que voul dir aint il desert) es ün cudesch biblic e la quarta part da la Tora güdeva respectivamaing dals cudeschs da Moses aint il Vegl Testamaint tar ils cristiauns. Launched Shavuot 5773 / 2013 | Copyright © Project TABS, All Rights Reserved. Please select Ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway. Moab, UT -- U.S. city in Utah. Other evidence from ancient Israel—the society in which the Hebrew Bible was generated—is also often of little use. In 2000, Prof. Chang-Ho Ji of La Sierra University began excavation of the site, uncovering remarkable finds, including cultic architecture of multiple phases and many religious artifacts.[8]. 6 And she arose, she and her daughters-in-law, and returned from the fields of Moab; for she had heard in the fields of Moab how that Jehovah had visited his people to give them bread. Dann erbarmte sich Kamos ihrer, und dem König war es möglich, einige der Städte zu retten, die Menschen zu töten und von der Beute zu nehmen. Michael C. Astour, Yahweh in Egyptian Topographic Lists in Festschrift Elmar Edel in Agypten und Altes Testament, edited by Manfred Gorg (Bamberg, Germany, 1979. pp. Wimmer, S 2000b. ed., Harper Torchbook, 1963) BWANT Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament … Please consider supporting TheTorah.com. Dies ist auch sein heutiger Zustand. Her other daughter-in-law, Orpah, remains in Moab. script>, Waheb in Suphah, the Forgotten “Town in the Stream”, On the Origins of Tevilah (Ritual Immersion), Understanding Deuteronomy on Its Own Terms, “Dibon-Gad: Between the Torah and the Mesha Stele,”, “War at Yahatz: The Torah Versus the Mesha Stele,”, “North Israelite Memories of the Transjordan and the Mesha Inscription,”, “Biblical and Greek Ambivalence Towards Child Sacrifice,”. He has been actively involved in archaeological fieldwork and grant-funded epigraphic research projects in Jordan. 43; Josh. Its contents have been difficult to decipher, as it uses hieratic numerals (a numbering system originating in Egypt), abbreviations, and some idiosyncratic letter forms, but some tentative conclusions have been reached in our publication of the inscription.[13]. In these national covenants the individual had a place, but only as a member of the nation. Auch baute er weitere Städte, deren Namen er angibt. Quelle: Kleine Namenskonkordanz. Moab (Altes Testament), eine Person im Alten Testament, Sohn von Lot und der Stammvater der Moabiter Moabiter , einen Angehörigen des Volkes, das östlich des … In Moab liegt auch das Gebirge Abǎrim. (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1987), 65-66; Christopher A. Rollston, Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2010), 42, 52-54. Golan Sahem el-Jolan pp. A. Madaba, Dhiban und die Festung Aroer. Mo 23,4). – Bibel-Lexikon. The Hebrew Bible is a book that was primarily written by men, for men, and about men, and thus the biblical text is not particularly forthcoming when it comes to the lives and experiences of women. Numbers 21:33 They turned and went up by the way of Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan went out against them, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.. Its first appearance is among the cities Gad and Reuben list, when they ask Moses for permission to settle in the region, due to its suitability for raising cattle: The Gadites and Reubenites request this area as their lot, and after some back and forth, Moses grants the request on the condition that the men of Gad and Reuben first participate in the conquest of Canaan with the other tribes. Dion and Daviau proposed a date of ca. High resolution laser quality maps. [12] Paul E. Dion, and Michelle Daviau, “An Inscribed Incense Altar of Iron Age II at Ḫirbet el-Mudeyine (Jordan),” ZDPV 116 (2000): 1-13. Near destitute, Naomi returns to Bethlehem with one daughter-in-law, Ruth, whom she could not dissuade from accompanying her. 3:5 But when Ahab died, the king of Moab rebelled against the king of Israel. 1. Zur Zeit der Richter benutzte Gott Eglon den König von Moab, um Israel zu bestrafen, und sie mussten den Moabitern 18 Jahre dienen. Original Bible History Online - Visit the original site 1999-2016. Kristi Maslan God. [10] One could thus contend that after the hegemony of the Omrides of Israel concluded, a fledgling, distinctive Moabite national script soon developed.[11]. Something went wrong while submitting the form. Kön 23,13). Mo 21,11-30). Während der Regierung Ahabs wurden sie wieder tributpflichtig, aber nach seinem Tod schüttelten sie ihr Joch ab. Israel’s rapid advance against Moab having come to a halt at Moab’s capital at Kir-hareseth (usually identified as the city of Karak, Jordan), the story ends with a surprising twist: Whatever the phrase “great wrath” means,[16] Mesha’s sacrifice of his own son works;[17] the Israelite coalition gives up on its attempt to conquer Moab and returns home. 2020 / ISBN 978-3-96327-042-0 / xxiv + 406 pp. 2 Kgs 3:4 Now King Mesha of Moab was a sheep breeder; and he used to pay as tribute to the king of Israel a hundred thousand lambs and the wool of a hundred thousand rams. Die Moabiter waren von den Amoritern vor der Ankunft der Israeliten südwärts vertrieben worden (4. Es war ein Stein mit den Maßen 117 cm x 61 cm, und er enthielt eine Inschrift von 34 Zeilen in phönizischen Schriftzeichen. Tatsächlich verfehlte diese Vorgehensweise nicht die gewünschte Wirkung (vgl. Moreover, the authors of this article are also very grateful to P. Kyle McCarter for discussing numerous and sundry aspects of the Ataruz inscriptions with us. BKAT Biblischer Kommentar, Altes Testament, M. Noth (†), S. Herrmann and H.W. 7 Wherefore she went forth out of the place where she had been, and her two daughters-in-law with her; and they went on the way to return to the land of Judah. New Testament Overview - General survey of the New Testament. Moab = Nachkommenschaft des Vaters. A famine causes them to move with their two sons, from their home in Judea to Moab. First brought to the attention of interested European travelers by local residents in 1868, the Mesha Stele, written in the Moabite language, which is very similar to biblical Hebrew, presents itself as a first-person account from the same King Mesha named in 2 Kgs 3:4, opening with אנכ. Old Testament Politically Violent Passages . Furthermore, if the reading of Inscription B suggested above is correct, then it may be another inscription celebrating this victory at the site of one of the newly conquered Moabite towns. Als die Araber entdeckten, dass zwei oder drei Länder Interesse am Besitz dieses Steines zeigten, dachten sie, sie würden mehr Geld bekommen, wenn sie ihn in Stücke zerbrachen. This changed, however, with the discovery of the Mesha Stele, a monumental inscription of the Moabite king Mesha from the 9th century B.C.E. [10] For this view, see Joseph Naveh, Early History of the Alphabet, 2nd ed. Housing Units (2000): 2148 (2000): 2148 This material that follows is Jews attack Gentiles: Word count: 34,039 words . This constituted the nation the peculiar people of God, and was accompanied by promises for obedience and penalties for disobedience. Golan J-5 on the Map. The aim is to put references to culture and history mentioned in the Old Testament between Israel and Moab on a scientific basis. In fact, on one level, it correlates remarkably with the biblical account, which mentions the rebellion of Moab against the Omrides and names Mesha specifically: The story continues with the Israelite response to this rebellion, in which King Jehoram of Israel, King Jehoshaphat of Judah, and the (unnamed) king of Edom march together against Moab.